The second part of a two-part blog series looking at bit manipulation in C#. Bit masking in C??? C / C Forums on Bytes. Post your question and get tips & solutions from a community of 448,839 IT Pros & Developers. I was wondering if someone could review this simple bit of code that originally was in C, but now converted to C# as practice in using bit-shifting and creating a sort of a quasi-array functionality. Consider the partition size as a size of our array which can only hold a specific size limit for said partition.
In computer science, a mask or bitmask is data that is used for bitwise operations, particularly in a bit field. Using a mask, multiple bits in a byte, nibble, word etc. can be set either on, off or inverted from on to off (or vice versa) in a single bitwise operation.
1[edit]To turn certain bits on, the bitwise OR operation can be used, following the principle that Y OR 1 = 1 and Y OR 0 = Y. Therefore, to make sure a bit is on, OR can be used with a 1. To leave a bit unchanged, OR is used with a 0.
Example: Masking on the higher nibble (bits 4, 5, 6, 7) the lower nibble (bits 0, 1, 2, 3) unchanged.
0[edit]More often in practice bits are 'masked off' (or masked to 0) than 'masked on' (or masked to 1). When a bit is ANDed with a 0, the result is always 0, i.e. Y AND 0 = 0. To leave the other bits as they were originally, they can be ANDed with 1, since Y AND 1 = Y.
Example: Masking off the higher nibble (bits 4, 5, 6, 7) the lower nibble (bits 0, 1, 2, 3) unchanged.
It is possible to use bitmasks to easily check the state of individual bits regardless of the other bits. To do this, turning off all the other bits using the bitwise AND is done as discussed above and the value is compared with 1. If it is equal to 0, then the bit was off, but if the value is any other value, then the bit was on. What makes this convenient is that it is not necessary to figure out what the value actually is, just that it is not 0.
Example: Querying the status of the 4th bit
So far the article has covered how to turn bits on and turn bits off, but not both at once. Sometimes it does not really matter what the value is, but it must be made the opposite of what it currently is. This can be achieved using the XOR (exclusive or) operation. XOR returns 1if and only if an odd number of bits are 1. Therefore, if two corresponding bits are 1, the result will be a 0, but if only one of them is 1, the result will be 1. Therefore inversion of the values of bits is done by XORing them with a 1. If the original bit was 1, it returns 1 XOR 1 = 0. If the original bit was 0 it returns 0 XOR 1 = 1. Also note that XOR masking is bit-safe, meaning that it will not affect unmasked bits because Y XOR 0 = Y, just like an OR.
Example: Toggling bit values
To write arbitrary 1s and 0s to a subset of bits, first write 0s to that subset, then set the high bits:
In programming languages such as C, bit fields are a useful way to pass a set of named boolean arguments to a function. For example, in the graphics API OpenGL, there is a command, glClear() which clears the screen or other buffers. It can clear up to four buffers (the color, depth, accumulation, and stencil buffers), so the API authors could have had it take four arguments. But then a call to it would look like
which is not very descriptive. Instead there are four defined field bits, GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT, GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT, GL_ACCUM_BUFFER_BIT, and GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT and glClear() is declared as
Then a call to the function looks like this
Internally, a function taking a bitfield like this can use binary and to extract the individual bits. For example, an implementation of glClear() might look like:
The advantage to this approach is that function argument overhead is decreased. Since the minimum datum size is one byte, separating the options into separate arguments would be wasting seven bits per argument and would occupy more stack space. Instead, functions typically accept one or more 32-bit integers, with up to 32 option bits in each. While elegant, in the simplest implementation this solution is not type-safe. A GLbitfield is simply defined to be an unsigned int, so the compiler would allow a meaningless call to glClear(42) or even glClear(GL_POINTS). In C++ an alternative would be to create a class to encapsulate the set of arguments that glClear could accept and could be cleanly encapsulated in a library (see the external links for an example).
Masks are used with IP addresses in IP ACLs (Access Control Lists) to specify what should be permitted and denied. To configure IP addresses on interfaces, masks start with 255 and have the large values on the left side: for example, IP address 209.165.202.129 with a 255.255.255.224 mask. Masks for IP ACLs are the reverse: for example, mask 0.0.0.255. This is sometimes called an inverse mask or a wildcard mask. When the value of the mask is broken down into binary (0s and 1s), the results determine which address bits are to be considered in processing the traffic. A 0 indicates that the address bits must be considered (exact match); a 1 in the mask is a 'don't care'. This table further explains the concept.
Mask example:
network address (traffic that is to be processed) 10.1.1.0
mask 0.0.0.255
network address (binary) 00001010.00000001.00000001.00000000
mask (binary) 00000000.00000000.00000000.11111111
Based on the binary mask, it can be seen that the first three sets (octets) must match the given binary network address exactly (00001010.00000001.00000001). The last set of numbers is made of 'don't cares' (.11111111). Therefore, all traffic that begins with 10.1.1. matches since the last octet is 'don't care'. Therefore, with this mask, network addresses 10.1.1.1 through 10.1.1.255 (10.1.1.x) are processed.
Subtract the normal mask from 255.255.255.255 in order to determine the ACL inverse mask. In this example, the inverse mask is determined for network address 172.16.1.0 with a normal mask of 255.255.255.0.
255.255.255.255 - 255.255.255.0 (normal mask) = 0.0.0.255 (inverse mask)
ACL equivalents
The source/source-wildcard of 0.0.0.0/255.255.255.255 means 'any'.
The source/wildcard of 10.1.1.2/0.0.0.0 is the same as 'host 10.1.1.2'
In computer graphics, when a given image is intended to be placed over a background, the transparent areas can be specified through a binary mask.[1] This way, for each intended image there are actually two bitmaps: the actual image, in which the unused areas are given a pixel value with all bits set to 0s, and an additional mask, in which the correspondent image areas are given a pixel value of all bits set to 0s and the surrounding areas a value of all bits set to 1s. In the sample at right, black pixels have the all-zero bits and white pixels have the all-one bits.
At run time, to put the image on the screen over the background, the program first masks the screen pixel's bits with the image mask at the desired coordinates using the bitwise AND operation. This preserves the background pixels of the transparent areas while resets with zeros the bits of the pixels which will be obscured by the overlapped image.
Then, the program renders the image pixel's bits by combining them with the background pixel's bits using the bitwise OR operation. This way, the image pixels are appropriately placed while keeping the background surrounding pixels preserved. The result is a perfect compound of the image over the background.
This technique is used for painting pointing device cursors, in typical 2-D videogames for characters, bullets and so on (the sprites), for GUIicons, and for video titling and other image mixing applications.
Although related (due to being used for the same purposes), transparent colors and alpha channels are techniques which do not involve the image pixel mixage by binary masking.
To create a hashing function for a hash table, often a function is used that has a large domain. To create an index from the output of the function, a modulo can be taken to reduce the size of the domain to match the size of the array; however, it is often faster on many processors to restrict the size of the hash table to powers of two sizes and use a bitmask instead.
An example of both modulo and masking in C: